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The Nashville Number Chart System Demystified
The Nashville Number Chart System Demystified
by Clay Butler
The Nashville Number Chart System is a shorthand form of musical notation for chord charts based on the diatonic scale degrees. While the number system has been in existence for hundreds of years using roman numerals, it was adapted into its current form by Nashville session musicians as a quick way of making chord charts for each player. Since the system uses diatonic chord numbers, the charts can be easily transposed to any key, and multiple players can use the same chart, even though they may be playing in different keys (for example, a guitarist using a capo). It ultimately helps musicians to think in terms of chord progressions. Let’s explore more of how this system works with a little basic music theory.
The Basics
Firstly, any major key consists of seven notes, which are arranged in a specific sequence of whole steps and half steps. Let’s break it down:
1
(whole step)
2
(whole step)
3
(half step)
4
(whole step)
5
(whole step)
6
(whole step)
7
(half step)
1
Now, let’s look at the key of C on the piano. Starting with C and following all the white notes until we reach the next C is a Major scale. Each time there’s a whole step between adjacent notes, there will be a black key. Where there is a half step, there will not be a black key. So the key of C major will look like this:
1 - C
(whole step)
2 - D
(whole step)
3 - E
(half step)
4 - F
(whole step)
5 - G
(whole step)
6 - A
(whole step)
7 - B
(half step)
1 - C
If we were to move up to D, we will have to adhere to the same pattern of whole steps and half steps in order to still be in a major key. We will have to raise, or sharp, some notes. Here’s the key of D.
1 - D
(whole step)
2 - E
(whole step)
3 - F#
(half step)
4 - G
(whole step)
5 - A
(whole step)
6 - B
(whole step)
7 - C#
(half step)
1 - D
Second, if we were to build chords off of each note in the scale, the qualities of the chords (major, minor, diminished, or augmented) also fall into a set pattern.
1 = Major
2 = minor
3 = minor
4 = Major
5 = Major
6 = minor
7 = diminished
Combining these two patterns, we arrive at the diatonic chord pattern of the major scale. Here’s an example using the key of A Major:
1 - A Major
(whole step)
2 - B minor
(whole step)
3 - C# minor
(half step)
4 - D Major
(whole step)
5 - E Major
(whole step)
6 - F# minor
(whole step)
7 - G# diminished
(half step)
1 - A Major
In the Nashville system, if a number is used, we automatically assume that the quality of the chord falls into this diatonic pattern. 1, 4, and 5 will be Major, while 2, 3, and 6 will be minor. 7 will be diminished. Often, though, secondary dominants or borrowed chords will be used, which change the quality of certain chords. So, in the key of A Major, we may see a B Major chord, which is not native to the key. We would simply call this 2M. Similarly, in the key of A Major, the E would ordinarily be Major. To make it minor, we would simply notate it as 5m.
We can also add extensions to the chord as well. If we’re still in the key of A Major, an A Major7 would look like 1M7. An F#m9 would be notated as 6m9. Dominant 7 chords are a bit trickier, however. We could reference E7 as 5dom7. More commonly, though, we would just add an “x” between the chord number and the extension number. For example, E7 would become 5x7. If we extended that to E9, we would notate it as either 5dom9 or 5x9.
The system easily allows you to notate chord inversions, poly chords, or pedal tones as well. In A Major, an E with a G# in the bass would be written as 5/7. An A/C# would become 1/3, and so on. If we were in A Major and kept an A pedal tone, it would look like this:
1 4/1 2/1 5/1
The Rhythm
One handy advantage to using the number system instead of chord letters over lyrics, is that the chart is broken into measures. This makes it much easier to see exactly where a chord falls within the music, thus making it easier to sight read.
Each chord is assumed to be its own measure, with usually four measures to a line. Here’s an eight-bar progression consisting of one chord per measure:
1 6 4 5
1 4 5 1
Sometimes, though, there may be more than one chord to a measure. In that case, we will enclose the chords in parenthesis. If there are two chords within the parenthesis, we assume that they are two beats each (in 4/4 time).
1 4 (2 5) 1
In this example, bar 3 has two beats of the 2 chord and two beats of the 5. When there are more than two chords per bar, or when there are two chords that have differing numbers of beats, we would simply place dots over the chord. Referring to the previous example, perhaps we wanted the 2 chord to have 3 beats and the 5 chord to have one. We would place three dots over the 2 and one dot over the 5.
If a chord is to be strummed once and held for the entire measure, we would draw a diamond shape around the chord. If a chord is supposed to be hit once and immediately silenced, you will often see an exclamation point directly after the chord. For instance:
1 4 (2/5) 1!
Conclusion
The number system is really nothing new. It’s an adaptation of the roman numeral system, which has been in use for centuries. It is merely a modernized adaptation developed by Nashville session players.
All musicians on a recording session do not always “play” in the same key. While the keys may sound the same, they may look different to different players. The bassist may be playing B Major. At the same time, the acoustic guitarist may be in G Major with the capo on the third fret. Still, the electric rhythm guitarist may be playing in A Major with the capo on the second fret. The keyboardist may prefer to play in B flat and transpose the keyboard up one half-step. It would be a daunting task to chart the song out in four different keys. What if the singer decides it’s too high or low and asks to transpose the song? Using letters would require four more charts! The Nashville Number System eliminates this burden.
Eventually, the use of this system trains the musician to play while focusing on the sound of the chord progression and less by regurgitating chords by letter. Once you begin to think in terms of progression, you can chart any song simply by listening--no matter what key the song is in!
http://www.claybutlermusic.com
© 2009 Butler Productions
About the Author
Clay Butler is the lead instructor for the Recording Studio Technology program at West Georgia Technical College as well as the owner and chief engineer of Butler Productions Multimedia. Butler Productions is an audio production facility which specializes in music production, on-hold messaging, voiceover, jingle production, and royalty-free music. Butler Productions’ live credits include supplying sound reinforcement for acts as notable as John Mayer, John Waller, The Tams, and After Edmund. As a composer and producer, Clay has produced numerous tracks for use in television and film. For more information about Clay or Butler Productions, visit http://www.claybutlermusic.com.
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