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Petite Carver
Settling of Oregon Country
THE BEGINNING OF OREGON COUNTRY
How Oregon got it's name is left in limbo. The meaning of Oregon is one of the most disputed of U.S. names. Believed to be referred to as "the River called by Indians Ouragon". Robert Rogers used this name when he petition the king of England. Another idea is that it derived from a French word borrowed from the Algonquian Indians. At one time the Columbia River was called the Ouragon which means ‘Hurricane' in French. Others believe that it originated from the Wisconsin River, originally named Ouisconsink and that explorers and travelers picked this up and referred to it as the country west of the Great Lakes called Ourigan.
In 1765 Robert Rogers referred to the Columbia River as Ouragon and then explorer and author Jonathan Carver used the word Oregon in 1778. So it remains to be of unknown origin.
The civilization and mass migration to the unknown west beyond the Continental Divide began over 170 years ago. The ground work done by the early explorers, mountain men and of course pioneers of discovery such as Mackenzie, McKay, Merriweather Lewis and William Clark. And a man most often credited with the settlement of the Oregon Country was Dr. John McLoughlin.
Oregon Country had been a land used by many different Native American Tribes. They had lived off the land and the waters for centuries and had survived. Slowly the coming of the white man led to conflicts as land was fenced and settlements grew. By 1841 the first group of whites emigrants came and by 1843 over 1000 came and it was a time of things to come.
In the 1850 census there were only 12,093 people living in Oregon Country yet by 1860 the population had grown to 52,495. An explosion of emigrants searching for a new beginning. During this turbulent time over 800 treaties had been signed between the Native Americans and the government. Not all of those treaties were followed and even more unrest was to come.
Although McLoughlin, called the Father of Oregon, worked for the Hudson Bay Company he disobeyed orders from the company and extended aid to those who needed it including the American settlers. He never turned anyone way that needed help. Finally resigning in 1846 he and his family lived in Oregon City in the Willamette Valley.
Even today Oregon has been called the Garden of Eden and it is easy to understand why. Extremely rich in magnificent beauty, mountains that reach for the sky, an ocean full of life, plants that are plentiful and indigenous to the region, and wild game that rivals none. Signs all along the highways today signal bear crossing, elk crossing, deer crossing, etc.
The coast of the Pacific Northwest had been found to be rich in the fur trading business for many years, and later for the wealth of beaver pelts in the interior. The explorers along the coast, sailing in ships by Spain, Great Britain, Russia and the Americans found that trading amongst the Native Americans for furs made many of them rich. But it was not without peril.
The very first American Fur trading post was build by Manuel Lisa in 1807 at Ft Raymond which is in present day Montana.
Ships looking for a place to explore and move upstream found that at the mouth of the Columbia River, a shifting sandbar made it nearly impossible to penetrate. It is one of the most treacherous bodies of water to navigate in the United States. Robert Gray has been credited with the discovery of the Columbia River in 1792. The river is the longest in the northwest being some 1243 miles long and the fourth largest in the states.
Before the Lewis and Clark expedition, authorized by President Thomas Jefferson in 1803, Alexander Mackenzie has the distinction of being the first European to reach the Pacific Northwest coast from the interior. He wanted to prove there was a river flowing to the Pacific Ocean. He and his friend Alexander McKay pushed off Fork Fort on May 5, 1793 in a 25 foot birch canoe. He descended the Fraser River (he thought it was the Columbia River) to Bella Coola River which emptied to Charlotte Sound (north of Vancouver Island and reached the Pacific 7/20/1793).
The vast country west of St. Louis Missouri was virtually an unknown territory in the 18th and into the 19th century until a few rugged individuals ventured out to explore the west. In 1820, Stephen Long of the Army Corp of Topographical Engineers described the great American desert as a retardant to westward migration.
Not many pioneers wished to travel a great desert into unknown land. It would be decades before the mass migration of the wagon trains headed west. By the middle of the 19th century some 5,000 hardy pioneers would be making that trek. It would be full of hardships and many would die along the way.
Although the coast of the Pacific northwest was discovered and hunted for years reaching it from the interior would prove to be difficult. Not only were there miles and miles of desolate country but there were the Rocky Mountains, thought to be impenetrable, a remnant of the ice age that carved out the crevices and mountains.
Before the time of Lewis and Clark the Scots had mapped the rivers of Oregon country. It was found to be rich in furs, timber, deer, elk, panther, bears and wolves. Before boundaries the Oregon country was a huge area that included what was later to become the states of Idaho, Washington, Montana.
Slowly settlers made their way into Oregon Country finding the area one that offered game, timber and water. Things that would be important to build their new lives. The Whitemans were one of the first Methodist missionaries to establish a permanent school in Oregon Country to convert and teach the Native Americans. Located in Salem, Oregon today it is known as Willamette University. Their daughter was the first white American born in Oregon Country. However, she drowned in the Walla Walla River in 1838.
The Native Americans that had spent thousands of years living among the coast and the interior now came to realize that the white men growing in number were taking over their land. Many tribes were completely wiped out due to the epidemics of the white man. The Indian wars in Oregon Country would last well into the nineteenth century until finally they were all sent to reservations. Two of those reservations, the Siletz and the Grand Ronde were the largest. It was a time when we again displaced the Native Americans from their homes.
The Whiteman Massacre happened in 1847 when their compound was attacked and most were killed by the Native Americans. As a result of this in 1850 five Cayuse Native Americans were hung in Oregon City, the first capital punishment in Oregon.
When gold was discovered in Oregon Country in 1851 miners took to slaughtering Native Americans to keep them away from their mines. Conflicts were constant with no real winners. Just like back east the Europeans pushed and pushed the Native Americans away from the land that was once theirs.
In 1911 an old Indian, later to be called by the name ISHI, came out from the woods and into civilization. He was found by the sheriff who turned him over to a renowned anthropologist for study. The anthropoligist became friends with ISHI trying to learn the customs and language of his tribe. ISHI died in 1916 mourned by those that befriended him leaving us with insight to the past history of the Native Americans.
There were several famous mountain men but one that stands out among them is Jedediah Smith. He spent years of hunting for the Rocky Mountain Fur Company and trading with the Native Americans. At one point in his hunting he was attacked by a grizzly bear but managed to escape. However, half of his scalp was almost torn off but he managed to sew it back on himself. From that point on he wore his hair long to hide the hideous scars. In 1831 while in charge of a caravan of pioneers, he rode ahead to find water. Finally he found a water pocket in an old buffalo wallow while a band of Comanches closely watched. He fired a single shot killing the leader and was immediately overwhelmed and killed. His body was never found.
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Oregon today has much to offer. It has some volcanoes still active today, namely Mt Garibaldi, Mt Baker, Mt Rainier, Mt St Helens, Mt Hood, Mt Jefferson, Mt Shasta. The highest peak is at Mt Rainier at 14,410 feet. There are four National Parks, Crater Lake, Olympic, Mt. Rainier and North Cascades.
Finally in 1859 Oregon became a state of the United States of America. And we owe a debt of gratitude for the perseverance of our pioneers and settlers making Oregon as we know it today crossing the unknown, facing danger and hardship to find a better life.
An article about how the states got their shapes and names will make for interesting reading.
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